MADNESS & CIVILIZATION(ISBN=9780679721109) 电子书 pdf 百度云 下载 epub 2025 免费 mobi 在线

　　Perhaps the French philosopher's masterpiece, which is

concerned with an extraordinary question: What does it mean to be

mad?

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Michel Foucault, one of the leading philosophical thinkers of the 20th century, was born in Poitiers, France, in 1926. He lectured in universities throughout the world; served as director at the Institut Français in Hamburg, Germany and at the Institut de Philosophie at the Faculté des Lettres in the University of Clermont-Ferrand, France; and wrote frequently for French newspapers and reviews. His influence on generations of thinkers in the areas of sociology, queer theory, cultural studies, and critical thinking are not to be underestimated. Among his many books were the Foucault Reader, Society Must Be Defended, and Great Ideas.

At the time of his death in June 1984, he held a chair at France’s most prestigious institutions, the Collège de France. Foucault was the first public figure in France to die from HIV/AIDS.

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知识变得越来越抽象复杂，产生疯癫的危险性就越大。按照普莱赛万的说法，如果一种知识接近于直觉，只需要大脑器官和内部感觉的轻微活动，那么这种知识只能刺激起一种生理快感：“如果科学的对象是我们的感官能够很容易感受的，那么这种和谐的共鸣便使灵魂处于和谐一致。……这种科学在整个身体机器中进行着一种有益于各部分功能的轻微活动。”反之，如果一种知识与感官的联系过于薄弱，过于脱离直觉，那么就会引起大脑的紧张，进而使整个身体失调；“有些事物的联系人们很难把握，因为我们的感官不容易接近它们。或者因为它们的关系过于复杂，需要我们费力去研究它们。（有关的科学）使灵魂陷于这样一种活动，即不断地使内部感官处于极度紧张状态，从而产生极大的疲劳感。”

自恋是愚蠢在其舞蹈中的第一个舞伴。其原因在于，它们具有一种特殊关系：自恋是疯癫的第一个症状。其原因还在于，人依恋自身，以致谬误为真理，以谎言为真实，以暴力和丑陋为正义和美。

水域和航行确实扮演了这种角色。疯人被囚在船上，无处逃遁。他被送到千支百叉的江河上或茫茫无际的大海上，也就被送交给脱离尘世的、不可捉摸的命运。他成了最自由、最开放的地方的囚徒：被牢牢束缚在有无数去向的路口。他是最典型的人生旅客，是旅行的囚徒。他将去的地方是未知的，正如他一旦下了船，人们不知他来自何方。只有在两个都不属于他的世界当中的不毛之地，才有他的真理和他的故乡。

(p. 200) 一般说来，文明构成了有利于疯癫发展的环境。如果说知识的进步能驱散谬误，那么它也能传播一种趣味，甚至一种嗜书癖。书斋生活，完全陷于 (p. 201) 抽象思辨，劳心不劳力，这些会产生极其灾难性的后果。（⋯⋯）（梯索）“读书人的脑子首先硬化，使他们常常变得无法连贯地思维。”其结果必然是痴呆症。知识变得越抽象复杂，产生疯癫的危险性就越大。（⋯⋯）如果一种知识与感官的联系过于薄弱，过于脱离直觉，那么就会引起大脑的紧张，进而使整个身体失调：“（⋯⋯）有关的科学使灵魂陷于这样一种活动，即不断地使内部感官处于极度紧张状态，从而产生极大的疲劳感。”这样，知识就在感觉周围组成了一种抽象关系的环境。在这种环境中，人有可能失去生理快感，而这种生理快感通常是人与世界关系的媒介。毫无疑问，知识在激增，但是，它的代价也随之增大。谁能断定今天聪明人比以前更多了呢？但是有一点是可以断定的：“当今有更多的人患有智力病症。”这种知识环境的发展比知识本身更迅速。

然而，不仅知识在使人脱离感官，而且感受力本身也在使人脱离感官。感受力不再受大自然运动的控制，而是受各种习惯、各种社会生活的要求的控制。现代人，尤其是女 (p. 202) 人，夜行昼伏，阴阳颠倒：“巴黎妇女起床的时间比大自然规定的时间迟得多。一天中最好的时光已偷偷溜走，最新鲜的空气已经消失。（⋯⋯）”这种感觉紊乱在剧院中继续发展，那是一个滋生幻觉、挑逗感情、蛊惑心灵的地方。（⋯⋯）小说则构成一种更造作的环境，对于已经紊乱的感受力更加危险。

沒有背景就既可以是彻底的黑夜，也可以是绝对的白天（萨德作品中没有阴影）。在这种情况下，读者逐渐看到结局：朱斯蒂娜的死亡。她的纯真无邪甚至使折磨她的欲望也一筹莫展。我们不能说，恶没有战胜她的美德。相反，我们应该说，她的天然美德使她能够挫败任何针对她的罪恶手段。因此，当罪恶只能将她驱除出自己的权力领域（朱莉埃特将她驱除出努瓦尔瑟城堡）时，长期遭受统治、奚落和亵渎的自然本性，才完全屈服于与自己相冲突的东西：此时，自然本性也进入疯癫状态，而正是在这种状态下，仅仅在一瞬间而且只有一瞬间，它恢复了自己无所不能的威力。暴风雨铺天盖地而来，雷电击倒并毁灭了朱斯蒂娜。大自然变成了犯罪主体。这种死亡似乎逃脱了朱莉埃特的疯癲统治，比任何东西都更根深蒂固地属于大自然。电闪雷鸣的暴风雨之夜是一种迹象，充分地表明大自然在撕裂、折磨着自己。它已达到了内在矛盾的极点。它用这金色的闪电揭示了一种最高权力。这种权力既是它自己又是它之外的某种东西：即属于一个疯癫心灵的权力。这个心灵在孤独中已抵达这个伤害它的世界的极限，当它为了驾驭自己而使自已有权与这个世界合而为一时，它就转过来反对自己并消灭自己了。大自然为了击倒朱斯蒂娜而进发出的闪电与朱莉埃特的长久一生是异曲同工。朱莉埃特也将在孤独中消失，不会留下任何痕迹或任何能够属于大自然的东西。在非理性的虚无中，大自然的语言已永远消亡。这种虚无已成为一种自然本身的和反抗自然的暴力，以至於自然最後會野蠻地消滅自己。

结论2

在创作《疯人院》这幅画时，戈雅面对着空寂囚室中匍匐的肉体，四壁包围中的裸体，肯定体验到某种与时代悲怆氛围有关的东西：那些精神错乱的国王头戴象征性的金丝王冠，使谦卑的、易受皮肉之苦的身体显得更为触目，从而与面部的谵妄表情形成反差。这种反差与其说是因装束粗陋造成的，不如说是未玷污的肉体所焕发的人性映照出来的。戴三角帽的那个人并没有疯，因为他把一顶旧帽子遮在自己的裸体上。但是，在这个用旧帽遮羞的疯人身上，通过其健壮的身体所显示的野性未羁的无言的青春力量，透露出一种生而自由的、已经获得解放的人性存在。《疯人院》的视点与其说是疯癫和在《狂想》中也能看到的古怪面孔，不如说是这些新颖的身体以其全部生命力所显示的那种巨大的单调。如果说这些身体的姿势暗示了他们的梦想，那是因为这些姿势特别张扬了他们的那种不被承认的自由。

书籍介绍

This was Michel Foucault's first major book, written while he was the Director of the Maison de France in Sweden. It examines ideas, practices, institutions, art and literature relating to madness in Western history.

Foucault begins his history in the Middle Ages, noting the social and physical exclusion of lepers. He argues that with the gradual disappearance of leprosy, madness came to occupy this excluded position. The ship of fools in the 15th century is a literary version of one such exclusionary practice, the practice of sending mad people away in ships. However, during the Renaissance, madness was regarded as an all-abundant phenomena because humans could not come close to the Reason of God. As Cervantes' Don Quixote, all humans are ridiculous weak to desires and dissimulation. Therefore, the insane, understood as one who has come too close to God's Reason, was accepted in the middle of society. It is not before the 17th century, in a movement which Foucault famously describes as the Great Confinement, that "unreasonable" members of the population systematically were locked away and institutionalised. In the 18th century, madness came to be seen as the obverse of Reason, that is, as having lost what made them human and become animal-like and therefore treated as such. It is not before 19th century that madness became mental illness that should be cured, e.g. Freud. Later it was demonstrated that the large increase in confinement did not happen in 17th but in the 19th century, somewhat undermining his argument.

Foucault also argues that madness during Renaissance had the power to signify the limits of social order and to point to a deeper truth. This was silenced by the Reason of Enlightenment. He also examines the rise of modern scientific and "humanitarian" treatments of the insane, notably at the hands of Philippe Pinel and Samuel Tuke. He claims that these modern treatments were in fact no less controlling than previous methods. Tuke's country retreat for the mad consisted of punishing the madmen until they gave up their commitment to madness. Similarly, Pinel's treatment of the mad amounted to an extended aversion therapy, including such treatments as freezing showers and use of a straitjacket. In Foucault's view, this treatment amounted to repeated brutality until the pattern of judgment and punishment was internalized by the patient.